
Intervertebral discs (IVDs) separate adjacent vertebra in the spinal column that provides the base body support and protects the spinal cord. Structure and function of intervertebral discs They are crucial for developing new therapy approaches for clinical applications. Although no animal model could profoundly reproduce the clinical conditions in humans animal models have played important roles in specifying our knowledge about the pathophysiology of DDD. We provide an up-to-date overview of biological treatment strategies in animal models including mouse, rat, rabbit, porcine, bovine, ovine, caprine, canine, and primate models. Since animal models play increasingly significant roles in treatment approaches of DDD, we conducted an electronic database search on Medline through June 2020 to identify, compare, and discuss publications regarding biological therapeutic approaches of DDD that based on intradiscal treatment strategies. Several research works have depicted considerable progress in understanding the biological basis of disc degeneration and the therapeutic potentials of cell transplantation, gene therapy, applications of supporting biomaterials and bioactive factors, or a combination thereof. Different animal models have been used to study the process of IVD degeneration and develop therapeutic options that may restore the structure and function of degenerative discs. Current treatment options, such as physical rehabilitation, pain management, and surgical intervention, can provide only temporary pain relief. It is one of the major causes of chronic back pain and disability affecting millions of people globally. DDD is specified as cell-, age-, and genetic-dependent degenerative process that can be accelerated by environmental factors.

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